Pancreatic cancer

Causes and Risk Factors

The development of pancreatic cancer is associated with a combination of factors:

• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption

• Chronic pancreatitis and inflammatory processes

• Obesity and poor diet

• Hereditary predisposition and genetic mutations

• Exposure to toxins and carcinogens

• Diabetes mellitus as a comorbid condition

Classification and Types of Cancer

Histological Forms

Tumors vary in type, the main ones include:

• Adenocarcinoma — the most common form, arising from glandular cells

• Neuroendocrine tumors — less common, with a different biological profile

• Other rare malignant neoplasms

Tumor Localization

The tumor may develop in different parts of the organ, influencing symptoms and surgical options:

• Head — most frequent site, often causing jaundice

• Body — usually detected later, with less specific symptoms

• Tail — often diagnosed at advanced stages, frequently with metastases

Stages of Cancer

Tumor Size (T)

Determined by the size and local spread of the tumor, influencing treatment choice.

Lymph Node Involvement (N)

Assesses the involvement of regional lymph nodes, which worsens prognosis.

Metastasis (M)

The presence of distant metastases in the liver, lungs, or other organs indicates an advanced stage and limits surgical options.

Symptoms and Signs

In early stages, pancreatic cancer is often asymptomatic. As the disease progresses, the following may occur:

• Pain in the upper abdomen, often radiating to the back

• Weight loss and loss of appetite

• Jaundice in cases of head involvement

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

• General weakness and fatigue

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Methods

A comprehensive evaluation is used to detect the tumor:

• Abdominal ultrasound (US)

• Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy capability

• Laboratory tests and tumor markers

Tumor Markers

Elevated levels of CA 19-9 and other specific markers may indicate the presence of a tumor and are used to monitor therapy.

Treatment

Surgical Treatment

The main method for localized forms is resection of the affected area. Types of surgery include:

• Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) for tumors in the head

• Distal resection for tumors of the body and tail

• Radical resection with lymphadenectomy

Chemotherapy

Used as a primary or adjuvant method to destroy cancer cells, shrink tumors, and prevent recurrence. Platinum-based drugs, gemcitabine, and others are commonly used.

Radiation Therapy

Prescribed in combination with chemotherapy or alone to shrink the tumor and control pain.

Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy

Modern approaches aimed at specifically attacking cancer cells and enhancing the immune response. These are applied within clinical trials and specialized programs.

Rehabilitation After Treatment

Following surgery and other therapies, patients undergo rehabilitation measures: dietary adjustments, therapeutic exercise, monitoring of pancreatic function, and regular check-ups to detect complications or recurrence at an early stage.

Prevention

Preventive measures include quitting smoking and alcohol, maintaining a healthy diet, weight control, timely treatment of chronic conditions, and regular medical check-ups for at-risk individuals.

Treatment in Russia

Clinics

• EMC — advanced diagnostic and therapeutic methods, including complex surgeries and innovative protocols.

• Euroonco — comprehensive approach with targeted therapy and rehabilitation.

• N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology — leading research center with state-of-the-art treatment technologies.

Cost

Depends on the stage, scope of procedures, and selected facility. Costs typically include consultations, diagnostics, surgery, medications, and rehabilitation.

MARUS Assistance

The MARUS service supports patients at all stages — from organizing preliminary examinations to selecting the most suitable medical facility. Assistance includes coordinating doctor appointments, preparing documents, accompanying the patient throughout treatment, and managing organizational matters. This ensures that patients receive qualified care without unnecessary stress or delays.