Scoliosis

Causes and Risk Factors of Scoliosis

Scoliosis can be congenital or acquired. In most cases, the cause remains unclear — this type is called idiopathic. Other possible causes include:

• developmental skeletal disorders in childhood;

• neurological diseases;

• spinal injuries;

• muscle weakness;

• prolonged poor posture;

• uneven load on the body (e.g., carrying weight on one shoulder).

Risk factors include a hereditary predisposition, rapid growth during adolescence, sedentary lifestyle, and lack of physical activity.

Types and Classification of Scoliosis

Scoliosis is classified according to several criteria:

• By origin: idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, traumatic.

• By location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, combined.

• By shape: C-shaped, S-shaped, and Z-shaped.

• By degree: from 1st to 4th degree depending on the curvature angle.

Accurate classification is essential for choosing the appropriate therapy and prognosis.

Symptoms of Scoliosis

Symptoms in Children

In children, the disease may not cause complaints for a long time and is often discovered accidentally. Parents may notice:

• asymmetry of shoulders, shoulder blades, or pelvis;

• head tilt to one side;

• uneven arm length when bending forward;

• rapid fatigue during physical activity.

Symptoms in Adults

In adults, scoliosis often presents as:

• chronic back pain;

• muscle tension;

• limited mobility;

• poor posture;

• in severe cases — compression of internal organs, difficulty breathing.

Diagnosis of Scoliosis

Physical and Neurological Testing

The doctor assesses the patient's posture, body symmetry, performs a forward bend test, checks neurological status, and spinal mobility.

Medical Imaging Methods

The most informative method is X-ray in multiple projections. MRI and CT may also be used, and in certain cases — ultrasound to assess internal organs in cases of severe deformity.

Methods of Treating Scoliosis

Treatment strategy depends on the patient's age, degree of curvature, and the presence of associated disorders. Both conservative and surgical interventions are possible.

Conservative Treatment

The goal is to stop progression and improve quality of life. It includes a range of measures aimed at strengthening muscles, correcting posture, and reducing pain.

Therapeutic Exercise (Physical Therapy)

The primary treatment method. Selected individually and performed under specialist supervision. Exercises help balance muscle tone, strengthen the back, and improve posture.

Manual Therapy

Used with caution and only in the absence of contraindications. Aimed at restoring mobility and relieving muscle spasms.

Massage

Improves blood circulation, reduces muscle tension, and promotes general relaxation. Massage courses are especially effective when combined with physical therapy.

Physiotherapy

Prescribed to enhance the effect of main treatments: magnetotherapy, electrophoresis, ultrasound, and other methods that stimulate metabolic processes and improve tissue nutrition.

Surgical Treatment

Indicated for severe curvatures (grade 3–4) that are resistant to conservative therapy. The essence of the surgery is spinal fixation in the correct position using metal implants. Post-surgery, the patient undergoes rehabilitation under specialist supervision.

Bracing

One method of correction for moderate scoliosis. Individually made orthopedic braces support proper alignment and slow progression.

How MARUS Helps

The MARUS platform assists foreign patients in arranging scoliosis treatment in Russia. We collaborate with leading orthopedic clinics and centers that offer modern correction methods — from personalized physical therapy programs to high-tech surgical procedures.

Our coordinators handle all organizational matters: selecting a clinic, coordinating treatment plans, helping translate documents, and providing language support in Russian, English, or Chinese. MARUS also assists with booking accommodations, transfers, and post-surgical recovery, including stays in rehabilitation centers and sanatoriums.

We make medical tourism clear and convenient so that the patient can focus on what matters most — their health and recovery.

Prognosis and Outcomes

With timely diagnosis and properly selected therapy, the prognosis is favorable. In children, complete correction of curvature is possible. In adults, the main goal is to halt progression, alleviate symptoms, and maintain quality of life. Without treatment, scoliosis can lead to deformities, chronic pain, and impaired respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Prevention of Scoliosis

Prevention is especially important during childhood and adolescence. It includes:

• maintaining proper posture from an early age;

• choosing suitable furniture for study and work;

• regular physical activity;

• exercises to strengthen the back;

• monitoring the carrying of heavy loads (e.g., school backpacks);

• regular checkups with an orthopedist.

Following these recommendations helps prevent the development of scoliosis and maintain spinal health for years to come.