Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

There are several types of the disease, differing in their mechanism of development and therapeutic approach.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This type primarily develops in adults and accounts for up to 90% of all diabetes cases. The main feature is decreased cellular sensitivity to insulin despite preserved or increased insulin production. This disease often progresses silently and is diagnosed at later stages.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes most often develops in children and young adults. The main mechanism is autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin. The body almost completely loses its ability to regulate blood sugar on its own, so patients require lifelong insulin therapy. The disease develops rapidly and presents pronounced symptoms even in the early stages.

Causes of Diabetes Mellitus

Key risk factors:

• overweight,

• sedentary lifestyle,

• genetic predisposition,

• age over 45,

• poor diet (high in carbohydrates and fast food),

• chronic stress,

• hormonal imbalances.

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

In the early stages, the disease may be asymptomatic. As it progresses, the following may occur:

• thirst and dry mouth,

• frequent urination,

• fatigue,

• vision impairment,

• skin itching,

• slow wound healing,

• weight loss (despite retained appetite).

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

To detect type 2 diabetes, the following are used:

• fasting blood glucose test,

• oral glucose tolerance test,

• measurement of glycated hemoglobin,

• assessment of insulin and C-peptide levels,

• general and biochemical blood tests.

Treatment Methods for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Traditional Treatment Methods

Usually include lifestyle modifications, a carbohydrate-restricted diet, regular physical activity, and administration of glucose-lowering medications. Insulin therapy is prescribed when necessary.

Modern Treatment Methods

New medications such as SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and others are actively used in therapy. They help control glucose levels, prevent complications, and contribute to weight loss. Digital platforms for diabetes management, glucose tracking apps, and dosage calculators are also being developed.

Stem Cell Therapy

This is an innovative method currently in clinical trials. The main goal is the restoration of pancreatic beta cells involved in insulin production. The method may in the future significantly reduce the need for continuous medication therapy.

Possible Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

If the disease is not controlled, the following may occur:

• vascular damage (angiopathies),

• heart disease and strokes,

• diabetic retinopathy (vision loss),

• kidney damage (nephropathy),

• diabetic foot,

• skin and genitourinary infections.

Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus

Prevention includes:

• maintaining a healthy weight,

• regular physical activity,

• balanced nutrition,

• avoiding harmful habits,

• monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol levels,

• annual check-ups for individuals at risk.

Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Russia

Clinics

High-tech treatment for type 2 diabetes is available in Russia. Major medical centers offer personalized therapy programs involving endocrinologists, nutritionists, and general practitioners:

• MEDSI Clinic — multidisciplinary treatment approach, modern medications, consultations with related specialists.
• EMC (European Medical Center) — accurate diagnostics, blood sugar monitoring with digital technologies, individualized therapy.
• Scandinavia — preventive programs, regular monitoring, focus on lifestyle changes and medical support.

Cost

The cost depends on the selected institution, the volume of diagnostics, duration of follow-up, and prescribed treatment. On average, a basic diagnostic and initial treatment package may range from $250 to $650. Long-term blood sugar monitoring and endocrinologist follow-up require additional expenses.

MARUS Assistance

The MARUS platform helps diabetes patients access the best medical facilities in Russia. Service specialists will select a clinic, arrange appointments, provide medical document translation, and support throughout all stages of treatment. This is especially important for international patients seeking qualified care in Russia.