Glaucoma

Causes of Glaucoma

The main mechanism of development is the impaired outflow of intraocular fluid. Normally, the fluid is produced in the anterior chamber of the eye and drained through a special drainage system. When this balance is disrupted, the pressure inside the eye increases, causing destructive effects on the optic nerve.

Risk factors:

• hereditary predisposition

• age over 40

• diabetes mellitus

• high blood pressure

• eye injuries

• prolonged use of steroid eye drops

• anatomical features of the eyeball

Symptoms of Glaucoma

Glaucoma can remain unnoticed for a long time. At later stages, the following symptoms may appear:

• narrowing of the visual field

• rainbow halos around bright lights

• hazy or blurred vision

• reduced visual acuity

• heaviness and pain in the eye area

• increased intraocular pressure (diagnosed by a doctor)

An acute attack of angle-closure glaucoma can cause sudden pain, eye redness, headache, nausea, and a sharp decline in vision.

Types of Glaucoma

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

The most common form. It develops slowly, often without noticeable symptoms. The outflow of fluid deteriorates gradually, and vision narrows imperceptibly to the patient.

Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Characterized by an anatomically narrow angle of the anterior chamber, which can lead to a sudden blockage of fluid outflow. It is accompanied by a sharp increase in pressure and requires emergency medical attention.

Secondary Glaucoma

Develops as a complication of other eye diseases or after trauma and surgery. Causes may include inflammation, tumors, or tissue adhesions.

Diagnosis of Glaucoma

Diagnosing glaucoma requires comprehensive testing using modern methods.

Flowmetry

Assesses blood flow in eye structures and evaluates the nourishment of the optic nerve.

Computerized Perimetry

Tests the visual field. Helps detect characteristic defects and track changes over time.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

One of the most accurate methods for visualizing the optic nerve and retina. Tomography can detect even minimal abnormalities.

Glaucoma Treatment

The main goal is to reduce intraocular pressure and preserve visual function. Treatment is selected individually, depending on the stage and type of the disease.

Conservative Treatment

In early stages, drug therapy is used. Eye drops are prescribed to lower pressure by either reducing fluid production or improving its outflow. The treatment plan is determined by an ophthalmologist and requires regular monitoring.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is required when medications are ineffective or the disease progresses rapidly.

Types of Surgeries

All methods aim to restore the outflow of intraocular fluid.

Sinustrabeculectomy

A classic surgery that creates a new drainage pathway. Often used for open-angle glaucoma.

Microinvasive Surgery

Modern non-penetrating methods that reduce pressure with minimal tissue damage. Suitable for patients with early stages and high sensitivity.

Laser Treatment

Used as a standalone method or in combination with other therapies.

Laser Trabeculoplasty

Improves the drainage function of eye tissues and reduces pressure. Performed on an outpatient basis and well tolerated.

Laser Iridopuncture

Used in angle-closure glaucoma. A microscopic hole is created in the iris using a laser to normalize fluid outflow.

Preparation for Treatment

Before treatment, a complete examination is required: pressure measurement, fundus exam, OCT, and perimetry. After confirming the diagnosis, the doctor selects a treatment method, explains how to use eye drops, or schedules surgery.

Strict adherence to medical recommendations, regular check-ups, and pressure monitoring are essential for a successful outcome.

Glaucoma Treatment in Russia

Modern ophthalmology centers in Russia offer comprehensive glaucoma care — from early diagnostics to laser and microinvasive surgeries. International therapy standards are applied, including personalized selection of hypotensive eye drops, laser procedures, and advanced drainage technologies (e.g., EX-PRESS implants).

Leading Glaucoma Treatment Centers:

S.N. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex (Moscow and branches)
The largest ophthalmology center in Russia. Specializes in treating all forms of glaucoma, including advanced and combined cases. Offers microinvasive surgeries, laser trabeculoplasty, iridotomy, and drainage device implantation. The center actively works with international patients.

Scandinavia Clinic (St. Petersburg)
A private clinic with personalized care and high-level service. Provides outpatient glaucoma treatment using medications, laser therapy, and minimally invasive surgeries. Equipped with modern diagnostic and surgical equipment.

MEDSI Medical Center Network (Moscow and other cities)
One of the largest private medical networks in Russia. MEDSI’s ophthalmology departments diagnose and treat glaucoma at all stages — from conservative therapy to surgery. Doctors use modern laser techniques (including SLT) and drainage systems.

Approximate Treatment Costs:

• Initial diagnostics including OCT, perimetry, and specialist consultation — from $90

• Laser trabeculoplasty — from $230 per eye

• Sinustrabeculectomy — from $500

• Microinvasive interventions — from $700

• Combined surgeries (e.g., glaucoma + cataract) — from $1000

Costs may vary depending on the complexity and region. Most clinics offer both public healthcare services (for Russian citizens under the CHI system) and private options — including for international patients.

How the MARUS Platform Helps

The MARUS platform simplifies the organization of treatment for international patients.

With this service, you can:

• choose a clinic and doctor

• receive consultations and a treatment plan

• undergo diagnosis and treatment without language or logistical barriers

• get assistance with documents, transfers, and accommodation

Thanks to MARUS, access to quality ophthalmological care in Russia becomes easier and more reliable.