Cataract

Causes of Cataract Development

Lens clouding can result from various causes. The main ones include:

• age-related changes;

• diabetes mellitus;

• eye trauma and surgeries;

• inflammatory eye diseases (uveitis, iridocyclitis);

• long-term use of steroid medications;

• exposure to ultraviolet radiation and ionizing radiation;

• congenital developmental anomalies.

A number of systemic conditions, such as metabolic disorders, also increase the risk of cataract formation.

Cataract Symptoms

In the early stages, the disease may not cause noticeable symptoms. Gradually, the following signs appear:

• decreased visual acuity;

• the sensation of a veil or fog in front of the eyes;

• light sensitivity, glare, "halos" around light sources;

• impaired color perception;

• difficulties with reading, writing, or driving;

• frequent changes in eyeglasses without improvement.

A typical feature of cataracts is the slow progression of symptoms. In some cases, vision deteriorates to the point where only light and shadow can be distinguished.

How Does the Eye See with a Cataract?

An eye affected by cataract perceives the world as if through frosted glass. The image becomes blurry, with reduced sharpness and contrast. Bright objects cause discomfort, and light sources appear overly bright or dazzling. Both near and distance vision decline, especially when reading or performing detailed tasks.

As the disease progresses, it can significantly impair the ability to lead a normal daily life.

How Is Cataract Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is performed by an ophthalmologist using modern methods:

• visual acuity test (visometry);

• slit-lamp examination of eye structures (biomicroscopy);

• fundus examination (ophthalmoscopy);

• intraocular pressure measurement (tonometry);

• eye ultrasound (in cases of severe clouding);

• biometry and keratometry for intraocular lens (IOL) selection.

Diagnosis helps determine the stage of cataract maturity and identify the best treatment strategy.

Cataract Treatment Methods

Currently, the only effective treatment is surgical removal of the cloudy lens followed by replacement with an artificial one. Medications and eye drops cannot stop or reverse the progression of cataracts.

Laser Cataract Treatment

Modern technology allows for cataract surgery using a femtosecond laser. It precisely cuts tissue with minimal trauma. Laser-assisted surgery ensures fast recovery, no need for hospitalization, and low risk of complications.

Traditional Treatment Methods

The classic approach is ultrasound phacoemulsification. The cloudy lens is broken up using ultrasound and removed through a micro-incision. An artificial intraocular lens is then implanted. This safe method takes 10–15 minutes, is performed under local anesthesia, and delivers stable results.

Cataract Surgery Stages

Preoperative Preparation

The patient undergoes a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including tests and calculations for IOL parameters. The doctor selects an appropriate lens model based on the patient's individual visual needs and preferences. A consultation is also held to discuss risks, prognosis, and the treatment plan.

Surgical Procedure

The lens is removed through a micro-incision of about 2 mm. Using a laser or ultrasound, the cataract is broken up and extracted. Then, a folded lens is inserted, which unfolds inside the eye and takes the place of the natural lens. The procedure takes 10–20 minutes and does not require stitches.

Postoperative Period

Patients typically begin to see better within a few hours. Full recovery takes 3–4 weeks. The doctor prescribes eye drops, monitors the healing process, and recommends limiting physical activity. After one month, vision stabilizes, and quality of life improves significantly.

Contraindications for Surgery

Despite its high safety profile, cataract surgery has some contraindications:

• acute inflammatory eye diseases;

• severe cardiovascular disorders;

• blood clotting disorders;

• active-stage malignant tumors;

• decompensated diabetes mellitus;

• generally severe medical conditions.

The final decision is made by the ophthalmologist after evaluating the patient's overall health and comorbidities.

Cataract Prevention

It is not always possible to completely prevent cataracts, especially with age. However, progression can be slowed by:

• protecting the eyes from UV rays (wearing sunglasses with UV filters);

• avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption;

• controlling blood sugar in diabetes;

• maintaining a balanced diet rich in vitamins C, E, and A;

• regular eye check-ups, especially after age 40;

• limiting exposure to bright light and environmental hazards.

Early diagnosis and careful attention to eye health increase the chances of timely and successful treatment.

Cataract Treatment in Russia

Russia is home to modern ophthalmology centers that provide the full range of cataract treatment services — from diagnostics to surgery and postoperative care. The latest techniques are used, including ultrasound phacoemulsification, femtosecond laser surgery, and customized intraocular lenses (IOLs), such as monofocal, toric, multifocal, and premium lenses.

Leading Cataract Treatment Centers

S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex (MNTK) – Moscow and branches
One of the largest ophthalmological centers in Russia. It employs advanced technologies such as ultrasound and laser surgery and offers a wide selection of IOLs, including premium options. The center has extensive experience in treating international patients.

Scandinavia Clinic – Saint Petersburg
A private clinic known for high-quality service. Offers outpatient cataract surgery, a personalized approach, and modern IOL models. Procedures are performed according to international standards, with rapid recovery.

Medsi Medical Center Network – Moscow and other cities
Part of one of Russia’s largest private healthcare networks. Cataract treatment is performed in well-equipped ophthalmology departments using precise diagnostic equipment. Implantation of advanced IOLs is available based on individual patient needs.

Estimated Treatment Costs

• Ophthalmologist consultation + diagnostics — from $50

• Phacoemulsification with standard IOL implantation — from $445 per eye

• Premium IOL implantation (multifocal, toric, etc.) — from $830

• Femtosecond laser cataract surgery — from $1080

• Combined procedures (cataract + glaucoma) — from $1150

Prices vary depending on the region, clinic, lens type, technology used, and individual patient characteristics.

How MARUS Platform Helps

MARUS is a service created for international patients seeking high-quality ophthalmologic care in Russia. It helps users select a specialized clinic, schedule consultations and examinations without long waits, arrange documentation and transfers, and receive support at every step — from the initial inquiry to the completion of postoperative follow-up. MARUS collaborates with leading medical centers across the country, making cataract treatment accessible, safe, and well-coordinated, regardless of the patient’s location.