Knee Joint Replacement

Types of Knee Replacement

Modern knee replacement includes two main approaches, each with its own indications and features.

Total Knee Replacement

A complete replacement of all joint surfaces. The prosthesis replicates the anatomical shape of the joint and restores its mobility. This method is recommended for advanced osteoarthritis, severe deformities, and cartilage destruction. The surgery provides long-term functional results and significantly improves quality of life.

Partial (Unicompartmental) Knee Replacement

This involves replacing only the damaged part of the joint, such as the medial condyle. Healthy tissues and ligaments are preserved. This surgery is less invasive, has a shorter recovery period, and is used for localized damage.

Indications for Knee Replacement

Knee replacement is recommended in the following cases:

• Stage III–IV osteoarthritis with joint space loss and severe pain.

• Post-traumatic changes leading to restricted mobility.

• Inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis).

• Aseptic necrosis of joint bone components.

• Instability after previous surgeries or joint replacements.

In these cases, conservative therapy is insufficient, and surgery becomes the only effective solution.

Contraindications for Surgery

There are several contraindications for knee replacement:

• Active infections of any origin.

• Severe cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases in the decompensation stage.

• Malignant tumors.

• Severe psychiatric disorders.

• Severe bone tissue deficiency that makes prosthesis installation impossible.

The decision is made individually based on complete diagnostics and consultations with specialized doctors.

Preparation for Knee Replacement

The preparation stage includes:

• Examinations by a therapist, orthopedic surgeon, and anesthesiologist.

• Blood and urine laboratory tests.

• Imaging studies (X-ray, CT, MRI).

• Walking training with crutches.

• Reviewing the rehabilitation plan.

The type of prosthesis, fixation method, surgery date, and patient education are also part of the preparation.

Surgical Procedure

The surgery is performed in an operating room under general or regional anesthesia. Through an incision in the knee area, the surgeon removes the damaged joint components, prepares the bone beds, and installs the prosthesis components. After fixation, the wound is sutured, drains are placed, and a sterile dressing is applied.

The surgery lasts from 90 minutes to 3 hours. Mobilization under the supervision of a rehabilitation specialist is usually possible the next day.

Knee Replacement Techniques

There are several technical options for knee replacement:

• Cemented fixation is used in cases of reduced bone density and ensures quick stabilization of the components.

• Cementless fixation is preferred for young, active patients and allows bone to grow into the porous structure of the implant.

• Revision prosthesis is used in repeat surgeries, joint instability, or wear of previously installed prostheses.

• Hybrid techniques combine both fixation methods for different components.

The choice of technique depends on the patient’s age, joint condition, disease type, and anatomical features.

Rehabilitation Period

Rehabilitation starts within the first 24 hours after surgery and includes:

• Passive and active mobility exercises.

• Gradual verticalization using crutches.

• Anti-thrombosis measures.

• Progressive return to full weight-bearing.

Joint function typically returns within the first 6–12 weeks. Full rehabilitation can take up to 6 months depending on age and coexisting conditions. It is important to follow the exercise schedule, avoid overloading the joint, and have regular medical check-ups.

Possible Complications

Despite advanced techniques, the following complications may occur:

• Wound or deep tissue infections.

• Thromboembolic complications.

• Component displacement or joint instability.

• Neurological disorders.

• Development of contractures.

Timely diagnosis and complication prevention significantly improve surgical outcomes and reduce risks.

Conclusion

Knee joint replacement is an effective method to restore an active life for patients with severe knee conditions. It helps recover mobility, relieve pain, and regain lost functions.

Undergoing knee replacement surgery in Russia is a cost-effective option that combines high-quality care, affordability, and excellent medical service. The Marus platform helps international patients find a reliable clinic and complete the entire treatment journey — from consultation to full recovery.