Glioblastoma

Causes of Glioblastoma

The exact causes of glioblastoma remain unknown. Possible risk factors include:

• Genetic predisposition

• Exposure to ionizing radiation

• Immune and viral disorders

• Pre-existing brain diseases

• Age over 45

In most cases, glioblastoma arises spontaneously without clear predisposing factors. 

Symptoms of Glioblastoma

The clinical presentation of glioblastoma depends on the tumor's location and growth rate. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent headaches

• Nausea and vomiting

• Visual disturbances

• Sensory loss or weakness in the limbs

• Seizures

• Speech, memory, and coordination impairments

• Behavioral and emotional changes

Early diagnosis is especially important, as symptoms may be subtle in the initial stages. 

Diagnosis of Glioblastoma

Diagnostic Methods

The initial examination involves consultations with a neurologist and neurosurgeon, neurological status assessment, and medical history collection. This is followed by instrumental and laboratory tests.

Radiological Diagnosis

The primary imaging methods are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), which help determine the size, structure, and exact location of the tumor in the brain.

Pathomorphological Examination

A definitive diagnosis is made after histological examination of tissue obtained through biopsy or surgical resection. This confirms the malignancy and identifies the tumor type.

Treatment of Glioblastoma

Surgical Removal

Surgery to remove the tumor is the mainstay of treatment. Complete resection increases the effectiveness of subsequent therapies. However, full removal may not be possible if the tumor is close to vital brain areas.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is used to target remaining tumor cells after surgery. Temozolomide is the most commonly used drug.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is combined with surgery and chemotherapy. It helps reduce recurrence risk and slows the growth of residual tumor cells.

Combined Radio-Chemotherapy

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy is the standard treatment for glioblastoma and is usually administered after surgery.

Immunotherapy

Recent studies support the effectiveness of immunotherapy, which activates the body’s own immune cells to combat the tumor.

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields)

TTFields is an additional therapy using alternating electric fields to slow tumor cell division. It is used alongside standard treatment.

The MARUS platform helps organize glioblastoma treatment in leading clinics across Russia. We assist international patients by selecting a medical center, finding qualified neurosurgeons, and supporting them through all stages — from consultation to rehabilitation.

New Treatment Methods for Glioblastoma

Extensive research is underway to improve glioblastoma treatment. Clinical trials are exploring oncolytic viruses, vaccines, targeted therapy, and gene therapy. Some clinics in Russia and abroad are already using experimental protocols based on these innovations.

A key element in modern diagnostics and treatment planning is determining the methylation status of the MGMT gene promoter and conducting a genetic-molecular tumor profile. These tests help predict chemotherapy effectiveness and allow for the development of a personalized treatment strategy. Many clinics in Russia now offer these diagnostics as part of individualized glioblastoma care.

Prognosis and Survival

Glioblastoma remains one of the most aggressive tumor types. The average life expectancy after diagnosis is 12–18 months. However, modern treatments and individualized approaches can significantly improve quality of life and increase survival time if medical care is sought promptly.

Prevention of Glioblastoma

There are no specific preventive measures for glioblastoma. It is recommended to monitor health status, consult a doctor promptly in case of neurological symptoms, and avoid harmful exposures such as ionizing radiation.