Astrocytoma

Features of Astrocytoma

The tumor may be slow-growing or aggressive. Even in benign cases, it can compress surrounding tissues and disrupt nervous system functions. The main challenge in treatment lies in the tumor’s location and its tendency to recur.

Causes of Astrocytoma

The exact causes remain unclear. However, the following contributing factors have been identified:

• Genetic mutations

• Hereditary predisposition

• Radiation exposure

• Chronic inflammatory processes in the nervous system

• Carcinogens

In most cases, astrocytoma develops spontaneously.

Classification of Astrocytoma

Tumors are classified according to their grade of malignancy:

• Pilocytic (Grade I) – slow-growing, more common in children

• Diffuse (Grade II) – tends to progress gradually

• Anaplastic (Grade III) – malignant and rapidly growing

• Glioblastoma (Grade IV) – the most aggressive form

This classification is essential for selecting treatment strategies and assessing prognosis.

Symptoms of Astrocytoma

The clinical presentation depends on the tumor’s location and growth rate.

Primary Astrocytomas

In slow-developing cases, the following symptoms may appear:

• Headaches

• Impaired memory and concentration

• Seizures

• Weakness in limbs

Secondary Astrocytomas

More aggressive tumors may cause:

• Speech and coordination difficulties

• Severe fatigue

• Changes in emotional and mental state

Early medical attention improves treatment outcomes.

Diagnosis of Astrocytoma

Diagnostic tools include:

• MRI with contrast – provides accurate information on the tumor’s size and location

• CT scan – helps assess the extent of tissue involvement

• Biopsy – required to confirm tumor type

Comprehensive diagnostics help determine the optimal treatment plan.

Treatment of Astrocytoma

Modern treatment of astrocytoma is highly individualized and based on tumor type, stage, and the patient’s condition.

Surgical Treatment

The primary method is surgical removal. Where feasible, complete resection is performed; in complex cases, partial removal is done.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation is used to destroy residual tumor cells following surgery.

Chemotherapy

Aims to suppress tumor cell growth and division. Advanced drugs are used to enhance effectiveness. Temozolomide is the primary chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma and other malignant brain tumors. It is a standard therapy and often administered with radiation to improve disease control.

Radiosurgery

A non-invasive method using focused radiation beams, minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

Targeted Therapy

This modern approach uses drugs that act on molecular mechanisms within tumor cells. For astrocytomas, it is important to determine IDH gene mutations, which allow for personalized treatment. In cases with an IDH mutation, IDH inhibitors may slow tumor growth and improve outcomes. Molecular genetic profiling, including IDH status, is becoming a standard in diagnosis and treatment planning for astrocytomas.

Complications and Side Effects of Treatment

Possible post-treatment effects include:

• Speech and motor impairments

• Memory and concentration issues

• Seizure syndrome

• Adverse reactions to chemotherapy and radiation

Timely rehabilitation helps minimize complications and improve quality of life.

Rehabilitation Period

The recovery program after astrocytoma treatment includes:

• Supportive medications

• Physiotherapy and therapeutic exercises

• Sessions with speech therapists and psychologists

• Ongoing monitoring by specialists

A comprehensive rehabilitation plan helps restore lost functions and improve independence.

Survival Prognosis

Outcomes depend on tumor grade, extent of brain involvement, and treatment timing. Benign tumors can often be completely removed, while malignant forms require long-term therapy and follow-up. Properly selected treatment regimens can significantly improve survival rates.

Prevention of Astrocytoma

There are no specific preventive measures. To reduce risk, it is recommended to:

• Seek medical evaluation for any concerning symptoms

• Minimize exposure to radiation

• Maintain a healthy lifestyle

Astrocytoma in Children and Adolescents

Astrocytomas in children and adolescents require special attention and a tailored approach. Treatment is provided in pediatric neurosurgery centers, taking into account developmental factors and long-term effects. Pilocytic astrocytomas in children are often successfully treated, and in some cases, no further therapy is needed after removal.

The MARUS platform assists families from other countries in arranging treatment for their child at top clinics in Russia. We identify specialized centers with expertise in pediatric neuro-oncology, connect families with the right physicians, and support them throughout the process—from document collection and initial consultations to hospitalization, surgery, and rehabilitation. With MARUS, parents can focus on supporting their child, while we manage all organizational matters.

Common Types of Astrocytoma in Children

Frequently diagnosed forms include:

• Pilocytic benign tumors

• Anaplastic forms with more severe progression

Key symptoms in children are headaches, coordination issues, nausea, and behavioral changes. Early diagnosis significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and recovery.